Certificate Revocation and CRL Publishing Strategies – xdot. In this blog posting I want to talk about revocation, in particular CRLs. I will cover some strategies for designing a revocation solution. This includes determining where to host CDP Repositories and how best to configure CRL publishing. Revocation. When a CA Administrator determines that a certificate should no longer be trusted, the CA Administrator can log onto a CA and revoke a certificate. In order to communicate that revocation the CA publishes a Certificate Revocation List (CRL). In order to make the CRL accessible the CRL is published to a repository. These repositories are normally (at least in Windows) either an HTTP or LDAP repository. These repositories are then referenced in the CRL Distribution Point (CDP) Extension of a certificate. More than one CDP can be included in the CDP Extension. A client that is checking revocation will first attempt to download a CRL from the first CDP location referenced in the CDP extension. If that location is inaccessible, the client will try the next location and so on until it either downloads a CRL or times out. Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs)There are two types of CRLs: Base CRLs: A Base CRL is a CRL that contains all non- expired revoked certificates. Delta CRLs: A Delta CRL is a CRL that contains all non- expired certificates that have been revoked since the last base CRL was published. If just Base CRLs are used then a client checking revocation only needs to download the Base CRL to determine if a certificate is revoked. If both Base and Delta CRLs are used then clients checking revocation must download both the Base CRL and the Delta CRL to determine if a certificate is revoked. This assumes the client can use Delta CRLs. All currently supported Windows Operating Systems support Delta CRLs. Below is an example of a Base CRL: • Version: V2 means version 2 of the CRL Profile which is defined in RFC 5. Issuer: The CA that issued the CRL• Effective Date: The date and time that the CRL first becomes valid• Next Update: The date and time that the CRL expires• Signature Algorithm: The Public Key Cryptography Algorithem and the Hashing Algorithem that were used to sign the CRL• Signature hash algorithm: The hashing algorithm used in to sign the CRL• Authority Key Identifier: This field gives additional information used to identify the issuer of the CRL• CA Version: The bersion number of the CA certificate• CRL Number: A unique identifier for the CRL• Next CRL Publish: The date and time that the next CRL will be published• Freshest CRL: If you are using Delta CRLs this field will show where the Delta CRL can be retrieved, typically this is the same location as the CRL.
Applies To: Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012. Certutil.exe is a command-line program that is installed as part of Certificate Services. · Gemalto's SafeNet Identity and Data Protection solutions are trusted by the largest and most respected brands around the world to protect what matters most. This document describes the steps that are used in order to successfully configure the Microsoft Network Device Enrollment Service (NDES) and Simple Certificate. · What are Certificate Authorities & Trust Hierarchies? Certificate Authorities, or Certificate Authorities / CAs, issue Digital Certificates. Digital. Below is the same CRL showing the actual list of revoked certificates: CDP Locations. When discussing PKI I often put emphasis on CDP locations. The reason is that the CDP location and CRLs in general are extremely critical for a PKI. If an application performs revocation checking and cannot download a CRL or the CRL is expired, revocation checking will fail. If revocation checking fails that application will fail to use the certificate. Depending on how certificates are used your environment this failure can have significant consequences. For example if you were using Smart Cards to logon to the domain and the CRL could not be accessed or is expired, no one would be able to logon with their Smart Card. As mentioned previously the CDP repositories can either be an LDAP or HTTP location. LDAPAdvantages: • The advantage to using LDAP as a repository is that the LDAP repository is Active Directory. And since the CDP location in Active Directory is stored in the Configuration Partition of Active Directory it is replicated to all domain controllers in the forest making it highly available.• Another advantage is that since Windows Clients are site aware they can query a local DC to download the CRL. Disadvantages: • Non- windows clients may not have permission to access LDAP• Not firewall friendly• Security concerns with making LDAP (AD) available via insecure networks such as a DMZ or Internet• Security concerns with internal name space being revealed through the CDP Extension• Some additional overhead in the protocol versus HTTPHTTPAdvantages: • HTTP repository is typically configured to not require authentication. Therefore accessible by all clients.• Firewall friendly• Ability to make it securely accessible in untrusted networks like a DMZ or the Internet• If configured properly limits exposing internal namespace• Less protocol overhead then LDAPDisadvantages: • Not “site aware” by default. “Site Awareness” can be built in by placing web servers at multiple sites and using a load balancer to redirect to the appropriate web server.• Not redundant by default, requires multiple web servers and load balancer. You can of course have multiple CDP locations specified in the CDP extension of a certificate. Multiple HTTP repositories are normally preferred as HTTP has several advantaged over LDAP. However, many customers feel more comfortable having at least 1 LDAP location. So many customers will setup one or more HTTP locations and then an LDAP location. Additional HTTP CDP Considerations• When determining what HTTP URL you will put in the CDP extension of a certificate there are some important considerations.• The HTTP URL should be a DNS Name and not a short name.• The DNS name should not include a server name, but should be an alias such as “certs. Consider whether certificates issued by a PKI will be used on externally facing devices. If certificates are going to be used on externally facing devices you will need to use a DNS name that is resolvable both on internal and external networks. Also, if certificates are going to be used on externally facing devices that the CDP repository will need to be available both internally and externally. Below is an example of the CDP extension in a certificate: CRL Considerations. A Certification Authority has two primary functions. The first is to sign certificates. The second is to sign and publish CRLs. As mentioned earlier if a CRL is expired then revocation checking will fail. If a Certification Authority is down or fails, then obviously it cannot sign CRLs. So, when designing your PKI you have to take into consideration what will happen if the CA fails. Generally, the shorter the time that the CRL is valid the less time you have to recover the CA or perform emergency CRL signing. So, this may lead you to believe that increasing the period of time for which a CRL or Delta CRL is valid will increase the amount of time that you have to recover a CA or perform emergency CRL signing. This is not necessarily true, and depends heavily on how you have configured your CRL publishing. Later on in this article, I will cover how to configure CRL publishing in such a way that gives you adequate time to recover the CA or perform Emergency CRL signing. For now, let’s just say that with proper configuration if we increase the validity period for the CRL that it will give us time to recover. There is, however, a downside to increasing the validity period for a CRL. CRLs are cached by the client. So, let’s say you have a CRL that is valid for a period of 6 days. A client will cache that CRL for 6 Days and will not try to download another CRL until that CRL expires. So, that means that if you revoke certificates, clients may not discover those revocations for up to 6 days. There is some configuration steps you can do to minimize this time, and we will discuss this shortly. 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